Surgical Treatment in Refractory Epilepsy: Seizure Outcome Results Based on Invasive EEG Monitorization.

AIM: To discuss seizure outcomes of patients with invasive electroencephalography (EEG) monitorization (IEM) following their epilepsy surgery at our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients suffering from refractory epilepsy and who were evaluated by invasive EEG were included in this retrospective study at Istanbul Faculty of Medicine from 2003 to 2017. We examined the Video EEG and invasive EEG monitorization, cranial MRI, SPECT, PET and neuropsychological tests of all patients. Postoperative seizure outcome results were evaluated according to Engel classification. The factors affecting seizure outcomes were discussed. RESULTS: Twenty-six of the patients were female (55.3%), 21 were male (44.7). The average age was 32.0 (± 12.4). Forty-three patients had surgery and the average age of these patients was 26,6 (±11.15). 38.3% of the patients had hippocampal sclerosis (HS), 23.4% had focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), 8.5% had a tumor, 14.9% had sequela lesion and 14.9% had unknown etiology. Postoperative seizure status according to the Engel classification showed that 81.6% of the patients were class I, 10.5% were class II, 2.6% were class III and 5.3% were class IV. CONCLUSION: A significant relation was statistically determined between structural MRI lesion and favorable seizure outcome (p < 0.05). The most frequent etiology was HS in our patients. Of the patients with Engel I, the averages of their ages, ages at onset of epilepsy and ages at surgery were lower than other groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). We argue that IEM is an essential examination for favorable outcomes for determining the epileptogenic zone and/or the proximity of the functional structures.

Fully endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal lumbar discectomy: Analysis of 47 complications encountered in a series of 835 patients / Discectomía lumbar interlaminar y transforaminal completamente endoscópica: análisis de 47 complicaciones encontradas en una serie de 835 pacientes

Objective: To report perioperative complications in fully endoscopic lumbar discectomy (FELD). Methods: From September 2010 to November 2016, 835 patients underwent FELD. In total, 865 disc levels were operated on. Of the 835 patients, the transforaminal (TF) approach was used in 174 patients, while 691 patients were operated on using the interlaminar (IL) approach. Surgical complications occurred in 47 patients, which were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Neurological deficits occurred in six patients. In four of these six patients, deficits resolved spontaneously. In one patient, symptoms resolved after a laminectomy procedure. In only one case, the neurological deficit was permanent. Seven patients complained of dysesthesia, which resolved spontaneously with medical treatment in four patients. In the remaining two patients, dysesthesia symptoms improved after epidural and foraminal injections. Dural tears were encountered in 26 patients. Pudendal neuralgia occurred in three patients. Two cases showed wound infection. The other complications comprised one disc infection, one retroperitoneal hematoma and one wrong level surgery. Conclusion: The FELD procedure has a steep learning curve and it is a difficult procedure to master. Surgeons should be aware of complications that can occur with the FELD procedure, most of which resolve spontaneously

Objetivo: Informar las complicaciones perioperatorias en la discectomía lumbar completamente endoscópica (FELD). Métodos: De septiembre del 2010 a noviembre del 2016, 835 pacientes fueron sometidos a FELD. Se utilizó un total de 865 niveles de disco. De los 835 pacientes, 174 pacientes fueron operados utilizando el enfoque transforaminal (TF) y 691 pacientes fueron operados en el método interlaminar (IL). Las complicaciones quirúrgicas ocurrieron en 47 pacientes que fueron analizados retrospectivamente. Resultados: Se presentaron déficits neurológicos en seis pacientes. En 4 de 6 de estos pacientes los déficits se resolvieron espontáneamente. En un paciente, los síntomas se resolvieron después de un procedimiento de laminectomía. En un solo caso, el déficit neurológico fue permanente. Siete pacientes se quejaron de la disestesia, que se resolvió espontáneamente con la terapia médica en 4 pacientes. En los 2 pacientes restantes, los síntomas de la disestesia mejoraron después de las inyecciones epidurales y foraminales. Se encontraron lágrimas dural en 26 pacientes. La neuralgia de Pudendal ocurrió en 3 pacientes. Dos casos mostraron infección de la herida. Una infección a nivel de disco, un hematoma retroperitoneal y una cirugía de nivel incorrecto fueron las otras complicaciones. Conclusión: El procedimiento FELD tiene una curva de aprendizaje abrupta y es un procedimiento difícil de dominar. Los cirujanos deben ser conscientes de las complicaciones que pueden ocurrir con el procedimiento FELD, la mayoría de los cuales se resuelven espontáneamente

Fully endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal lumbar discectomy: Analysis of 47 complications encountered in a series of 835 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To report perioperative complications in fully endoscopic lumbar discectomy (FELD). METHODS: From September 2010 to November 2016, 835 patients underwent FELD. In total, 865 disc levels were operated on. Of the 835 patients, the transforaminal (TF) approach was used in 174 patients, while 691 patients were operated on using the interlaminar (IL) approach. Surgical complications occurred in 47 patients, which were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Neurological deficits occurred in six patients. In four of these six patients, deficits resolved spontaneously. In one patient, symptoms resolved after a laminectomy procedure. In only one case, the neurological deficit was permanent. Seven patients complained of dysesthesia, which resolved spontaneously with medical treatment in four patients. In the remaining two patients, dysesthesia symptoms improved after epidural and foraminal injections. Dural tears were encountered in 26 patients. Pudendal neuralgia occurred in three patients. Two cases showed wound infection. The other complications comprised one disc infection, one retroperitoneal hematoma and one wrong level surgery. CONCLUSION: The FELD procedure has a steep learning curve and it is a difficult procedure to master. Surgeons should be aware of complications that can occur with the FELD procedure, most of which resolve spontaneously.

Fully endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal lumbar discectomy: short-term clinical results of 163 surgically treated patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with lumbar disc disease undergoing fully endoscopic surgery at a single clinic. METHODS: Between August 2009 and January 2012, 163 patients (74 men and 89 women) underwent fully endoscopic lumbar discectomy. All patients were followed for 1 year after surgery. The Oswestry Disability Index and a visual analog scale were used to analyze outcomes. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 114 (70%) patients had no complaints, 30 (18%) patients had occasional pain, and 19 (12%) patients had no improvement. During postoperative follow-up, 8 patients required repeat surgery for recurrence or residual fragments. Postoperatively, 4 patients experienced dysesthesia, which completely resolved in time. Neurologic deterioration occurred in 5 patients, 4 of whom recovered completely without any intervention. Dural tears occurred in 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Fully endoscopic interlaminar or transforaminal surgeries are safe and effective treatment modalities for lumbar disc herniations. Despite the difficulties of acquiring this new technique, good results can be achieved with sufficient experience.

Posterior fossa epidural hematomas in children: clinical experience with 40 cases.

OBJECT: Traumatic posterior fossa epidural hematoma (PFEDH) is rare, but among children it may have a slightly higher incidence. With the widespread use of CT scanning, the diagnosis of PFEDH can be established more accurately, leading to an increased incidence of the lesion and possibly to a better patient prognosis. This study presents 40 pediatric cases with PFEDH. METHODS: The authors assessed the type of trauma, clinical findings on admission, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, CT findings (thickness of the hematoma, bone fracture, compression of the fourth ventricle, and ventricle enlargement), type of treatment, clinical course, and prognosis. Early postoperative CT scans (within the first 6 hours) were obtained and reviewed in all surgical cases. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients underwent surgery and 11 patients received conservative therapy and close follow-up. All patients fared well, and there was no surgical mortality or morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data in this large series, the authors conclude that PFEDH in children can be treated in experienced centers with excellent outcome, and there is no need to avoid surgery when it is indicated.